Linuxta sistemle ilgili bilgileri öğrenmek için kullanılan komutlar:
Kaynak : rebootuser.com
Kernel, Operating System & Device Information:
| Command | Result |
uname -a |
Print all available system information |
uname -r |
Kernel release |
uname -n |
System hostname |
hostname |
As above |
uname -m |
Linux kernel architecture (32 or 64 bit) |
cat /proc/version |
Kernel information |
cat /etc/*-release |
Distribution information |
cat /etc/issue |
As above |
cat /proc/cpuinfo |
CPU information |
df -a |
File system information |
Users & Groups:
| Command | Result |
cat /etc/passwd |
List all users on the system |
cat /etc/group |
List all groups on the system |
cat /etc/shadow |
Show user hashes – Privileged command |
grep -v -E "^#" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1}' |
List all super user accounts |
finger |
Users currently logged in |
pinky |
As above |
users |
As above |
who -a |
As above |
w |
Who is currently logged in and what they’re doing |
last |
Listing of last logged on users |
lastlog |
Information on when all users last logged in |
lastlog –u %username% |
Information on when the specified user last logged in |
User & Privilege Information:
| Command | Result |
whoami |
Current username |
id |
Current user information |
cat /etc/sudoers |
Who’s allowed to do what as root – Privileged command |
sudo -l |
Can the current user perform anything as root |
Environmental Information:
| Command | Result |
env |
Display environmental variables |
set |
As above |
echo $PATH |
Path information |
history |
Displays command history of current user |
pwd |
Print working directory, i.e. ‘where am I’ |
cat /etc/profile |
Display default system variables |
Interesting Files:
| Command | Result |
find / -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null |
Find SUID files |
find / -uid 0 -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null |
Find SUID files owned by root |
find / -perm -2000 -type f 2>/dev/null |
Find files with GUID bit set |
find / -perm -2 -type f 2>/dev/null |
Find world-writable files |
find / -perm -2 -type d 2>/dev/null |
Find word-writable directories |
find /home –name *.rhosts -print 2>/dev/null |
Find rhost config files |
ls -ahlR /root/ |
See if you can access other user directories to find interesting files – Privileged command |
cat ~/.bash_history |
Show the current users’ command history |
ls -la ~/.*_history |
Show the current users’ various history files |
ls -la ~/.ssh/ |
Check for interesting ssh files in the current users’ directory |
ls -la /usr/sbin/in.* |
Check Configuration of inetd services |
grep -l -i pass /var/log/*.log 2>/dev/null |
Check log files for keywords (‘pass’ in this example) and show positive matches |
find /var/log -type f -exec ls -la {} \; 2>/dev/null |
List files in specified directory (/var/log) |
find /var/log -name *.log -type f -exec ls -la {} \; 2>/dev/null |
List .log files in specified directory (/var/log) |
find /etc/ -maxdepth 1 -name *.conf -type f -exec ls -la {} \; 2>/dev/null |
List .conf files in /etc (recursive 1 level) |
ls -la /etc/*.conf |
As above |
find / -maxdepth 4 -name *.conf -type f -exec grep -Hn password {} \; 2>/dev/null |
Find .conf files (recursive 4 levels) and output line number where the word password is located |
lsof -i -n |
List open files (output will depend on account privileges) |
Service Information:
| Command | Result |
ps aux | grep root |
View services running as root |
cat /etc/inetd.conf |
List services managed by inetd |
cat /etc/xinetd.conf |
As above for xinetd |
Jobs/Tasks:
| Command | Result |
crontab -l -u %username% |
Display scheduled jobs for the specified user – Privileged command |
ls -la /etc/cron* |
Scheduled jobs overview (hourly, daily, monthly etc) |
ls -aRl /etc/cron* | awk '$1 ~ /w.$/' 2>/dev/null |
What can ‘others’ write in /etc/cron* directories |
top |
List of current tasks |
Networking, Routing & Communications:
| Command | Result |
/sbin/ifconfig -a |
List all network interfaces |
cat /etc/network/interfaces |
As above |
arp -a |
Display ARP communications |
route |
Display route information |
cat /etc/resolv.conf |
Show configured DNS sever addresses |
netstat -antp |
List all TCP sockets and related PIDs (-p Privileged command) |
netstat -anup |
List all UDP sockets and related PIDs (-p Privileged command) |
iptables -L |
List rules – Privileged command |
cat /etc/services |
View port numbers/services mappings |
Programs Installed:
| Command | Result |
dpkg -l |
Installed packages (Debian) |
rpm -qa |
Installed packages (Red Hat) |
sudo -V |
Sudo version – does an exploit exist? |
httpd -v |
Apache version |
apache2 -v |
As above |
apache2ctl (or apachectl) -M |
List loaded Apache modules |
mysql --version |
Installed MYSQL version details |
perl -v |
Installed Perl version details |
java -version |
Installed Java version details |
python --version |
Installed Python version details |
ruby -v |
Installed Ruby version details |
find / -name %program_name% 2>/dev/null (i.e. nc, netcat, wget, nmap etc) |
Locate ‘useful’ programs (netcat, wget etc) |
which %program_name% (i.e. nc, netcat, wget, nmap etc) |
As above |
Common Shell Escape Sequences:
| Command | Program(s) |
:!bash |
vi, vim |
:set shell=/bin/bash:shell |
vi, vim |
!bash |
man, more, less |
find / -exec /usr/bin/awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/bash")}' \; |
find |
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/bash")}' |
awk |
--interactive |
nmap |
perl -e 'exec "/bin/bash";' |
Perl |
